Stenger’s intrusion “at the heart of our lives” cannot, we are sure, come solely from the outside; indeed, if there anything is to be taken away from this essay, it is that we, all of us—scientists, critics, and curators alike—are of Gaia and thus carry her “inside” of us as much as she (much more evidently) carries us. From this perspective, Gaia is at least as much an erratic, disruptive neuroecological force as she is an environmental, planetary-scaled macrophenomenon beyond our apprehension.80 To think the irrepressible force of ethical comportment among entitiesin spite of and against the positivist technoscientific assemblage that helped fashion our colonial naturalist predecessors—we do not require an idealized moral universality, nor any subject-centric consciousness-raising. Instead, to think the intrusion of Gaia upon the “heart of our lives,” through each and every act of inquiry, would mean to rediscover, in this soiled and often repulsive legacy of the will to knowledge, a line of flight that is both ofand for Gaia.81 Emboldened by this minor history, why would we continue to assign to a science worthy of the name a repressive function in relation to such constituent intrusions? As Déborah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro have contended in their own reading of Stengers’ Gaia provocation, “the relation between humanity and the world can begin to be thought as the relation connecting the one side of a Möbius strip to itself: as a non-orientable figure in which the inseparability of thought and being, animate and inanimate, culture and nature is […] a complete and real consubstantiality or oneness, precisely like the surface of the Möbius strip.”82 Emphatically, for Danowski and Viveiros de Castro, this is possible because, “Humanity and the world are literally on the same side; the distinction between the two terms is arbitrary and impalpable: if one starts from humanity (thought, culture, language, the “inside”) one necessarily arrives at the world (being, matter, nature, the “Great Outdoors”) without crossing any border andconversely.”83 In the kaleidoscopic profusion of nature that characterizes the tropics, invasive moments of uncertainty could be mistaken for some fractured European morality, but such a reductive account would fail to articulate a politics of scientific inquiry. Instead, the irruption of Gaia as neuroecological dissonance (leading to the proliferation of reverse hallucinations as attempts to neutralize such psychoturbations) can be understood as a confrontation—at once psychological and ecological—between thinking-being inand of nature as such. What is required of non-positivist scientific practice inand for the Anthropocene is therefore the cultivation of an intimacy with the “section of chaos” under consideration, which is as “internal” to the process of subjectivation as it is disruptive to any long-feigned objectivity.84

The American artist Catherine Lord has also explored the effect of tropical light on white men and their attendant justifications for violent, hallucinatory programs in the torrid zone.85 Following Lord, there seems to be an equatorial effect that led European men of science to egregiously double-down on their epistemic efforts among the tropical islands under colonial possession during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. We can use the neologism heliopsychosis to precisely name this effect, specifically in order to make an essential link between exposure to the tropical solar zenith—with its excessive clarity among the high peaks and shape-shifting edges of its watery archipelago—and the will to knowledge that blinded the colonial naturalists laboring under this potent star as they surveilled a transgressive and puzzling equatorial abundance. While we are certain this colonial disposition cannot (and should not) be reduced to any kind of meterological determinism, the frequency and consistency of reverse hallucinations in the tropics is indisputable. Thus, as the planet continues to warm, and as the tropics begin to spread perilously toward the temperate zones of the Earth, this phenomenon might be worth thinking—in our sciences as much as ourselves—because our neuroecological disposition to the new weather will have considerable bearing on the hospitality we might extend toward such intrusions.86Virginia Woolf was no stranger to this uncanny climatic inflection: “Whatever the sun touched took on a fanatical existence.”87 As the accelerating build-up of atmospheric greenhouse gases fervently amplifies sublunar fanaticisms, we might do well by attending more closely to the hallucinatory, positivist paroxysms that accompanied colonialists as they tried to apprehend the vexing multiplicity we call archipelago.




1 On the philosophical consequences of such “images,” and the “image of thought” in particular, see Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. Paul Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 129–67.︎︎︎

2  On the dangers of disinformation strategies like those related to “Climategate,” see Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online (New York: Data & Society Research Institute, 2017). ︎︎︎

3  On the “aesthetics of evidence,” see Eyal Weizman et al., eds., Forensis: The Architecture of Public Truth (Berlin: Forensic Architecture and Sternberg Press, 2014) and Eyal Weizman, Forensic Architecture: Violence at the Threshold of Detectability (New York: Zone Books, 2017). For a discussion of climate data friction, see Paul N. Edwards, A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming (Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 2010).︎︎︎

4 March for Science, https://satellites.marchforscience.com. ︎︎︎

5  Robinson Meyer, “Donald Trump Is the First Demagogue of the Anthropocene,”
The Atlantic, 19 October 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/10/trump-the-first-demagogue-of-the-anthropocene/504134. ︎︎︎

6 Regarding epistemological diversity, see especially Boaventura de Sousa Santos, ed., Another Knowledge Is Possible: Beyond Northern Epistemologies (London and New York: Verso, 2008).︎︎︎

7 On the alleged debate over climate science and its profitable manufacture, see Naomi Orestes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010); on worlds and worlding, see Déborah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, The Ends of the World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017).︎︎︎

8 Again, see Orestes and Conway, Merchants of Doubt.︎︎︎

9 Shiv Visvanathan, “Between Cosmology and System: The Heuristics of a Dissenting Imagination,” quoted in Heather Davis and Etienne Turpin, eds., Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies (London: Open Humanities Press, 2015), 18. See also Bruno Latour and Vincent Antonin Lépinay, The Science of Passionate Interests: An Introduction to Gabriel Tarde’s Economic Anthropology (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2010).︎︎︎

10 See Mary Ellen Hannibal, Citizen Science: Searching for Heroes and Hope in an Age of Extinction (New York: The Experiment Publishing, 2016), and Kath Weston, Animate Planet: Making Visceral Sense of Living in a High-Tech Ecologically Damaged World (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017).︎︎︎

11 Charles Darwin letter to J. Hooker, 11 January 1844, http://www.darwinproject. ac.uk/entry-729; see also Ralph Colp Jr., “‘Confessing a Murder’: Darwin’s First Revelations about Transmutation,” Isis 77, no. 1 (March 1986): 8–32. ︎︎︎

12 Michel Foucault, quoted in William Haver, “A Sense of the Common,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 111, no. 3 (Summer 2012): 450–51.︎︎︎

13 Ibid., 451. ︎︎︎

14 Michel Foucault, Lectures on The Will to Know: Lectures at the Collège de France 1970–1971 and Oedipal Knowledge, ed. Daniel Defert, trans. Graham Burchell (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011).︎︎︎

15 Weizman, Forensic Architecture: Violence at the Threshold of Detectability. ︎︎︎

16 For a compelling survey of the “incorporeal” in European philosophical thought, see Elizabeth Grosz, The Incorporeal: Ontology, Ethics, and the Limits of Materialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).︎︎︎

17 For a unique reading of such entanglements, see Eben Kirksey, Freedom in Entangled Worlds: West Papua and the Architecture of  Global Power (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012). ︎︎︎

18 Gerhardt Aust, “Junghuhn als Landvermesser und Kartograph,” Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten: Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864), ed. Goethe-Institut Jakarta (Berlin: Regiospectra Verlag, 2010), 103–05. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from German are by Anna-Sophie Springer. ︎︎︎

19 Ibid., 108. ︎︎︎

20 Renate Sternagel, quoted in Goethe-Institut Jakarta, Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten: Eine Ausstellung zum 200. Geburtstag des Java-Erforschers Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn (1809–1864), exhibition catalog (Jakarta: Goethe-Institut, 2009), 26. ︎︎︎

21 Ibid. ︎︎︎

22 On the relationship between cartography and power, see J. B. Harley’s classic essay “Maps, Power Knowledge,” in The Iconography of Landscape, ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 277–311. ︎︎︎

23 Ritter Göpperts, “Bericht über die Sammlungen des Herrn Junghuhn aus Java” in Monatsberichte über die Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (1851): 149–50. ︎︎︎

24 James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 54–6. ︎︎︎

25Ibid., 54. ︎︎︎

26 Ibid., 82. ︎︎︎

27 Benjamin H. Bratton, The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015), esp. 120, 191–218, 333. ︎︎︎

28 Ibid., 5. ︎︎︎

29 Thanks to Benjamin for an insightful conversation about addressability during our “A Natural History of the Stack” workshop at the Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture, and Design in Moscow earlier this year. ︎︎︎

30 See, for example, Raden Saleh’s iconographic Penangkapan Pangeran Diponegoro (The Arrest of Prince Diponegoro) of 1857, which depicts the 28 March 1830 betrayal and arrest of Diponegoro by the Dutch Lieutenant General Hendrik Merkus de Kock.︎︎︎

31 Aust, “Junghuhn als Landvermesser und Kartograph,” 100. ︎︎︎

32 Scott, Seeing Like a State, 54. ︎︎︎

33 Renate Sternagel, Der Humboldt von Java: Leben und Werk des Naturforschers Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, 1809–1864 (Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 2011), 80.︎︎︎

34 Sternagel, Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten (2009), 26. ︎︎︎

35 Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, “Afterword,” Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart, Vol. 1 (Leipzig: Arnold, 1857); quoted in Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten (2009), 27. ︎︎︎

36 Max C. P. Schmidt, Franz Junghuhn: Biographische Beiträge zur hundersten Wiederkehr Seines Geburtstages (Leipzig: Verlag der Duerr’schen Buchhandlung, 1909), 340–41. The letter is quoted in Sternagel, “Franz Junghuhns Forschungen auf Java 1836–1848,” Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten (2010), 65. ︎︎︎

37 Peter Sloterdijk, In the World Interior of Capital, trans. Wieland Hoban (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005), 103. ︎︎︎

38 On the controversies around Junghuhn’s approach to cinchona cultivation, see Andrew Goss, Floracrats: State-Sponsored Science and the Failure of the Enlightenment in Indonesia (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011), 33–46.︎︎︎

39“Fr. Junghuhn’s neueste Untersuchungen in Java, Aus einem Schreiben Fr. Junghuhn’s an Herrn A. v. Humboldt,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde (1857), 506–517: 510; http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/? PPN=PPN391365622_1857_0002&DM DID=dmdlog85. We sincerely thank Renate Sternagel for pointing us to this letter. ︎︎︎

40 Ibid., 510.︎︎︎

41 Ibid., 510–11. ︎︎︎

42 A 2013 report by Greenpeace International identifies crude palm oil production as the single largest driver of deforestation in Indonesia. See Certifying Destruction: Why Consumer  companies Need to Go beyond the RSPO to Stop Forest Destruction (Amsterdam: Greenpeace, September 2013), http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/forests/2013/Indonesia/RSPO-Certifying-Destruction.pdf.︎︎︎

43Junghuhn, “Der Zustand der angepflanzten Chinabäume auf Java,” in Bonplandia: Zeitschrift  für die gesammte Botanik 188 (1858), 77; see also Sternagel, “Der Beitrag Junghuhns zur Cinchona-Kultur auf Java,” Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten (2010), 135–57, esp. 146–47. ︎︎︎

44Friedrich Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen (Cologne: Anaconda Verlag, 2005).︎︎︎

45 Junghuhn on Gunung Kawi in 1844, quoted in Forschen, Vermessen, Streiten (2009), 30.︎︎︎

46 Junghuhn, Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java (Magdeburg: E. Baensch Verlag, 1845), 447.︎︎︎

47 Ibid., 495. Three years later, in 1842, he returned again only to discover further destruction: “Instead of forests, which one could have called virgin, strawberries and cauliflower had been planted, even European fruit trees could be spotted.” Junghuhn, Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart, Vol. 2 (Leipzig: Arnold, 1857), 18. ︎︎︎

48 See Isabelle Stengers, Power and Invention: Situating Science, trans. Paul Bains (Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).︎︎︎

49 For a careful discussion of this context, see our interview with Georges Beccaloni in this volume, 68–83. ︎︎︎

50 Alfred Russel Wallace in a letter to Henry Walter Bates, 11 October 1847; WCP348.348 in Wallace Letters Online/Wallace Correspondence Project, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/wallace-correspondence/transcripts/pdf/WCP348_L348.pdf. ︎︎︎

51 Wallace, A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (New York, Dover Publications, 1972), 271–79.︎︎︎

52 Preface to Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, (Singapore: Periplus, 2008), xxi. ︎︎︎

53 On the sale of specimens, see Sandra Knapp, Alfred Russel Wallace in the Amazon: Footsteps in the Forest (London: Natural History Museum, 2013), 31–42. ︎︎︎

54 Wallace, “On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 33 (1863): 233–4. On the double orientation towards the past and the future that Wallace describes, see Lorraine Daston, “The Sciences of the Archive,” Osiris 27, no. 1 (2012): 156–87.︎︎︎

55 Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita, Archipelago: The Islands of Indonesia – From the Nineteenth-Century Discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace to the Fate of the Forests and Reefs in the Twenty- First Century (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 185. For a summary on the emergence of the concept of “biodiversity,” see Jessica Dempsey, Enterprising Nature: Economics, Markets, and Finance in Global Biodiversity Politics (Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016), 35–52. ︎︎︎

56 Wallace, “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species,” in The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, Vol. 16, 1855, 184–96. ︎︎︎

57 Wallace, My Life: A Record of Events and Opinions, Vol. 1 (London: Chapman & Hall, 1905), 363, http://wallace- online.org/converted/pdf/1905_MyLife_S729.2.pdf. ︎︎︎

58See Beccaloni, “Wallace’s Annotated Copy of the Darwin-Wallace Paper on Natural Selection,” Natural Selection and Beyond, eds. Charles H. Smith and George Beccaloni (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 91–101; access a transcript of the “Darwin-Wallace” paper here: http://wallacefund.info/content/1858-darwin-wallace-paper. ︎︎︎

59 Wallace, My Life, 360–63. ︎︎︎

60 On development and its colonial origins, see Gilbert Rist, The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith, trans. Patrick Camiller (London and New York: Zed Books, 2014). ︎︎︎

61Christian Nellemann et al., The Last Stand of the Orangutan. State of Emergency: Illegal Logging, Fire and Palm Oil in Indonesia’s National Parks (Arendal: United Nations Environment Programme, 2007), 36, 43,
http://gridarendal-website.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/240/
original/orangutan-full. pdf?1487684008.

Meanwhile, according to the Orangutan Conservancy, nearly eighty percent of possible orangutan habitat has been destroyed over the last twenty years: http://www.orangutan.com/threats-to-orangutans.︎︎︎

62 Matthias Glaubrecht, Am Ende des Archipels: Alfred Russel Wallace (Berlin: Galiani Verlag, 2013), 400–1; see also Glaubrecht in this volume, 185–202. ︎︎︎

63 Wallace, “Natural History and Conservation,” Infinite Tropics, ed. Andrew Barry (Verson: New York and London, 2002), 147.︎︎︎

64 Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 123. ︎︎︎

65Much more recently, Cornell Lab ornithologist Ed Scholes and wildlife photographer Tim Laman went in Wallace’s footsteps to record all thirty-nine bird-of-paradise species on camera as well as audio: http://www.birdsofparadiseproject.org. ︎︎︎

66 Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, 338–9.︎︎︎

67 On the detailed history of bird-of-paradise conservation as discussed in Robert Cribb, “Birds of Paradise and Environmental Politics in Colonial Indonesia, 1890–1931,” Paper Landscapes: Explorations in the Environmental History of Indonesia
(Leiden: KITLV Press 1997), 379–408. In his conclusion, Cribb discusses “the elevation of the birds of paradise to become conservationist symbols,” 404.︎︎︎

68 Michel Serres, The Natural Contract, trans. Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 5; our emphasis.︎︎︎

69Paulo Tavares, “The Geological Imperative: On the Political Economy of the Amazonia’s Deep History,” Architecture in the Anthropocene, ed. Etienne Turpin (Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2013), 236. On the “production of nature” through cultivation—especially through Indigenous modes of forest inhabitation—see also Tavares’s essay “The Political Nature of the Forest: A Botanical Archaeology of Genocide,” in the fourth volume of intercalations: The Word for World is Still Forest, ed. Anna-Sophie Springer and Etienne Turpin (Berlin: K. Verlag & Haus der Kulturen der Welt, 2017), 125–57.︎︎︎

70 The discovery of the “Java Man” (Homo erectus erectus) in Indonesia occurred along the banks of the Solo River in Central Java in 1891 by Haeckel’s student, the Dutch paleoanthropologist Eugène Dubois. See Rachel Thompson’s two-part essay in this volume, 53–67; 121–35. ︎︎︎

71Ernst Haeckel, Aus Insulinde: Malayische Reisebriefe, Chapter 9, “Der Menschenaffe von Java” (Bonn: E. Strauss, 1901), 216–35, esp. 219, 222, 229–31, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/36308#/summary. ︎︎︎

72On this positivist ethnographic history, we were especially moved by the exhibition Vermessung des Unmenschen: Zur Ästhetik des Rassismus [Surveying the Non-Human: On the Aesthetics of Racism], curated by Wolfgang Scheppe at the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden in 2016. See http://www.skd.museum/de/sonderausstellungen/archiv/die-vermessung-des unmenschen/index.html. ︎︎︎

73Haeckel, “Wanderbild II: Der Vulkan Salak bei Buitenzorg,” Wanderbilder: Die Naturwunder der Tropenwelt Ceylon und Insulinde (Gera-Untermhaus: W. Koehlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1904), http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/haeckel/wanderbilder;
description is based on “Im Garten von Beutenzorg,” Malayische Reisebriefe, 54–91, esp. 61, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/36308#/summary. ︎︎︎

74 Félix Guattari, Soft Subversions: Texts and Interviews 1977–1985, ed. Sylvère Lotringer, trans. Chet Wiener and Emily Wittmann (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2007). ︎︎︎

75 Scott, Seeing Like a State, 359–60, fn. 6.︎︎︎

76 Loraine Daston and Peter Galison, Objectivity (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2007), 228.︎︎︎

77 For an especially exciting reading of the intrusion of Gaia and the worlding of worlds, see Déborah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, The Ends of the World, trans. Rodrigo Nunes (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017). ︎︎︎

78 Stengers, In Catastrophic Times: Resisting the Coming Barbarism, trans. Andrew Goffey (London: Open Humanities Press, 2015), 43–4. See also “Matters of Cosmopolitics: On the Provocations of Gaia,” Isabelle Stengers in conversation with Heather Davis and Etienne Turpin, Architecture in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Design, Deep Time, Science and Philosophy, ed. Etienne Turpin (Ann Arbor: Open Humanities Press, 2013), 171–82. ︎︎︎

79 Stengers, In Catastrophic Times, 47.︎︎︎

80 Sanford Kwinter, “Neuroecology: Notes Toward a Synthesis,” The Psychopathologies of Cognitive Capitalism. Part Two, ed. Warren Neidich (Berlin: Archive Books, 2013), 313–33. A special thanks to Nashin Mahtani for bringing these connections to our attention. ︎︎︎

81 Such a line is in keeping with what Kwinter calls “the dynamic sympathetic mutuality with reality,” ibid., 328. ︎︎︎

82 Danowski and Viveiros de Castro, 113. ︎︎︎

83 Ibid.︎︎︎

84 Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, What is Philosophy?, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Graham Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 42.︎︎︎

85 In her project, Lord was looking at the “memory books” of Henry Alfred Alford Nicholls, the Principal Medical Officer of British-controlled Dominica at the end of the nineteenth century; see Catherine Lord, “The Effect of Tropical Light on White Men,” in Scapegoat: Architecture|Landscape|Political Economy 01, Service, ed. Jane Hutton and Etienne Turpin (Summer 2011): 14–15.︎︎︎

86 Kwinter, “Neuroecology: Notes Toward a Synthesis”; for a literary appraisal, see J.G. Ballard, The Drowned World (London: Berkely Books, 1962). ︎︎︎

87 Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse (London: Hogarth Press, 1927). ︎︎︎